Physicochemical Characterization and Phytochemical Screening of Citrus aurantifolia Lime Peel Ethanolic Extract from Kediri as Antibacterial Agent
Main Article Content
Abstract
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle lime peel, widely discarded as agricultural waste in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia, is a promising source of bioactive compounds for antibacterial applications. Quality standardization of herbal materials is prerequisite for reproducible pharmacological activity, yet comprehensive physicochemical and microbiological characterization of lime peel simplicia from this region has not been reported. This study aimed to characterize the dried powder of C. aurantifolia lime peel collected from Kediri according to Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP) standards, including microbial quality parameters (Total Aerobic Plate Count/ALT and Mold-Yeast Count/AKK), and to conduct phytochemical profiling of both simplicia and the ethanolic extract. Lime peels were cleaned, dried at 40–50°C, powdered, and characterized for water content (8.64%), water-soluble extract (26.67%), ethanol-soluble extract (18.14%), total ash (5.62%), acid-insoluble ash (0.35%), ALT (3.5 × 10³ CFU/g), and AKK (1.2 × 10² CFU/g)—all within IHP requirements. Phytochemical screening detected alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids in both simplicia and extract. These findings establish a standardized pharmacognostic profile supporting the use of Kediri-sourced lime peel extract in evidence-based antibacterial research.
Article Details
References
WHO. WHO Guidelines for Assessing Quality of Herbal Medicines with Reference to Contaminants and Residues. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
Parama PW, Sukrama IDM, Handoko SA. Uji efektifitas antibakteri ekstrak buah jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Bali Dent J. 2019;3(1):45–52. https://doi.org/10.51559/bdj.v3i1.26
Mutaqien AF. Antiseptik dari Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia [Christm.] Swingle) untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada tangan. PhD Thesis. FKIP UNPAS; 2021.
Kemenkes RI. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 007 Tahun 2012 tentang Registrasi Obat Tradisional. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2012.
Kneifel W, Czech E, Kopp B. Microbial contamination of medicinal plants — a review. Planta Med. 2002;68(01):5–15. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-20058
Lv X, Zhao S, Ning Z, Zeng H, Shu Y, Tao O, et al. Citrus fruits as a treasure trove of active natural metabolites that potentially provide benefits for human health. Chem Cent J. 2015;9(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-015-0145-9
Dalimartha S, Adrian F. Fakta Ilmiah Buah Sayur. Jakarta: Penebar PLUS+; 2013.
Tafonao TO. Formulasi dan uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia [Christm.] Swingle) dalam sediaan deodoran terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis. PhD Thesis. Institut Kesehatan Helvetia; 2019.
Meliyana M, Ridwanto R. Uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun jeruk kasturi (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) di Daerah Labuhanbatu, Sumatera Utara dengan metode DPPH. J Health Med Sci. 2022:100–109. https://doi.org/10.52137/jhms.v5i1.144
Etebu E, Nwauzoma AB. A review on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L Osbeck): health, disease and management. Am J Res Commun. 2014;2(2):33–70.
Nasri N, Kaban VE, Syahputra HD, Satria D. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun alpukat (Persea americana Mill) terhadap Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Herb Med J. 2022;5(1):13–19. https://doi.org/10.33374/hmj.v5i1.128
Farnsworth NR. Biological and phytochemical screening of plants. J Pharm Sci. 1966;55(3):225–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600550302
Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd ed. London: Chapman & Hall; 1998.
IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 82: Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene. Lyon: IARC Press; 2002.
Supartiningsih S, Marpaung JK, Adiansyah A, Siregar HJ. Uji aktivitas antidiabetes ekstrak etanol daun sendok (Plantago major L.) pada tikus putih jantan yang diinduksi aloksan. J FARMANESIA. 2018;5(1):46–50.
Cushnie TPT, Lamb AJ. Recent advances in understanding the antibacterial properties of flavonoids. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;38(2):99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.014
Roy A, Saraf S. Limonoids: overview of significant bioactive triterpenes distributed in plants kingdom. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006;29(2):191–201. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.191
Atef NM, Shanab SM, Negm SI, Abbas YA. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against antibiotic susceptible and resistant bacterial strains causing wound infection. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2019;43:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0029-8