Screening of Drug Interaction Prescreption for Outpatients with Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension from October to December 2023 at Advent Hospital Medan
Main Article Content
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are two chronic conditions that frequently occur simultaneously and require long-term pharmacological therapy. The combination of treatments in patients with both diseases increases the potential for drug interactions, which can compromise therapeutic effectiveness and elevate the risk of adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the severity of drug interactions in outpatients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension at Advent Hospital Medan during the period from October to December 2023. A non-experimental descriptive study with a cross-sectional design was employed, using retrospective data from 191 outpatient prescriptions that met the inclusion criteria. Evaluation was conducted on administrative, pharmaceutical, and clinical aspects of the prescriptions, with a primary focus on identifying drug interactions using the reference database Drugs.com. The results showed that drug interactions were present in 52.4% of the analyzed prescriptions. Most interactions were classified as moderate in severity, predominantly involving pharmacodynamic mechanisms. The most frequent interacting drug combinations included metformin, glimepiride, amlodipine, bisoprolol, and candesartan. The high prevalence of drug interactions among patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension highlights the importance of systematic prescription screening as a preventive measure. These findings can serve as a basis for developing rational drug use policies and enhancing patient safety in clinical practice.
Article Details
References
Ginting, A. N. B., Ginting, C. N., Rusip, G. & Chiuman, L. Antidiabetic Activity of Cep-Cepan Leaf Extract Nanoparticles (Castanopsis costata) in Streptozotocin-Induced White Rat Models. J. Penelit. Pendidik. IPA 11, 64–70 (2025).
Alkandahri, M. Y. et al. Antidiabetic activity of extract and fractions of Castanopsis costata leaves on alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Pharmacogn. J. 13, (2021).
Furman, B. L. Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Models in Mice and Rats. Curr. Protoc. 1, e78 (2021).
Sari, H., Kaban, V. E., Situmorang, F. R. & Fahdi, F. UJI EFEKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETES KOMBINASI EKSTRAK DAUN MENIRAN (Phyllanthus niruri L.) Dan KELOPAK BUNGA ROSELLA (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) PADA TIKUS JANTAN PUTIH. J. Penelit. Farm. Herb. 2, 24–28 (2019).
Mierza, V., Lau, D. C., Hadjami, D. R., Amelia, T. C. & Ryandha, M. G. Article Review: Study of the Potential of Indonesian Herbal Plants as Antidiabetic in Type 2 Diabetid Patients. J. Pharm. Sci. 529–540 (2023).
Savych, A. & Milian, I. Total flavonoid content in the herbal mixture with antidiabetic activity. PharmacologyOnLine 2, 68–75 (2021).
Choudhry, N. K. et al. Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 79, (2022).
Anders, H.-J., Peired, A. J. & Romagnani, P. SGLT2 inhibition requires reconsideration of fundamental paradigms in chronic kidney disease,‘diabetic nephropathy’, IgA nephropathy and podocytopathies with FSGS lesions. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 37, 1609–1615 (2022).
Sudarmi, S. & Hurria, H. Implementation Of Pharmaceutical Service Standards Based On Regulation Of The Minister Of Health Number 73 Of 2016 At Pharmacies In Wara District Palopo City. in International Conference of Business, Education, Health, and Scien-Tech vol. 1 2263–2273 (2024).
Kithas, P. A. & Supiano, M. A. Hypertension in the geriatric population: a patient-centered approach. Med. Clin. 99, 379–389 (2015).
Budi, A. et al. Detection of glibenclamide adulteration in herbal remedies for diabetes mellitus using TLC. Bul. Kedokt. Kesehat. Prima 3, 6–10 (2024).
Alaofi, A. L. Sinapic acid ameliorates the progression of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats via NRF2/HO-1 mediated pathways. Front. Pharmacol. 11, 1119 (2020).
Puri, B. K., Kingston, M. C. & Monro, J. A. Fructose-associated hepatotoxicity indexed by the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme LDH-5. Med. Hypotheses 124, 40–41 (2019).
Hamrahian, S. M. & Falkner, B. Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease. in Hypertension: from basic research to clinical practice (ed. Islam, Md. S.) vol. 956 307–325 (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016).
Uchmanowicz, B., Chudiak, A. & Mazur, G. The influence of quality of life on the level of adherence to therapeutic recommendations among elderly hypertensive patients. Patient Prefer. Adherence Volume 12, 2593–2603 (2018).